The appellants in these two cases were jointly indicted, tried and convicted before a jury of drug offenses.1 On appeal, Allsberry contends that agents of the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration and Baltimore City Police officers violated the provisions of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3109 in the execution of a federal search warrant which resulted in the seizure of evidence introduced at trial. Prior to trial, Judge Harvey concluded that those agents and officers had reason to believe that at the time of their entry, speed was required to prevent the destruction of evidence and that there was no time available for prior announcement and/or knock. In the face of the record in this case, those factual findings of the trial judge are not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, the denial of Allsberry's motion to suppress is affirmed. See United States v. Carter, 566 F.2d 1265, 1268-69 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 956, 98 S. Ct. 3069, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1121 (1978).

Couser's appeal is based upon his contention that the application for the wiretap order and the wiretap order itself make no reference to the recording of any conversations between the user of the telephone to be tapped and others who might be present in the immediate area in which the telephone was located. In the course of the execution of the wiretap order, however, during periods when the supervising agent had no reason to minimize conversations, the microphone utilized in the wiretap picked up conversations between Couser or others who were making outgoing telephone calls and one or more persons in the vicinity of the telephone.2 Couser argues that the trial judge erred in not suppressing the recordings of such conversations, contending that the wiretap application and the order itself referred only to "wire communications," not "oral communications" and that, as those terms are defined in 18 U.S.C. Secs. 2510(1) & (2), the order does not cover the intercepted background conversations.3 The Government, in response, argues that, in common sense, background conversations involving a person using the phone should not be differentiated from conversations being held by that person over the telephone.

There is seemingly sparse case law with regard to that issue. In United States v. King, 335 F. Supp. 523, 548 (S.D.Cal.1971), remanded, in part, on other grounds, 478 F.2d 494 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 846, 94 S. Ct. 111, 38 L. Ed. 2d 94 (1973), the Court concluded that background conversations should be suppressed because they were "not specifically described in the court order authorizing the wiretap," which specified only "wire communications." In United States v. Lanza, 349 F. Supp. 929, 934 (M.D.Fla.1972), citing to King (at 932) in connection with a minimization issue but not with regard to the background conversation question, Judge Tjoflat (then a district judge) held that background interceptions did "not render the wiretap unconstitutional or the evidence inadmissible." The King and Lanza opinions do not detail to any great extent the facts of those cases.4 Under the facts of this case, all of the background conversations were statements by the individual who had the telephone receiver at his ear. Statements by those in the vicinity of, but not holding the telephone receiver, were not picked up.5 Furthermore, the background conversations were picked up in circumstances which did not permit the government agent operating the recording and monitoring equipment to minimize the background conversations without danger of losing the entire call.6

In this case, it is not necessary for this Court to reach and decide questions related to the meaning of the terms "wire communication" and "oral communication" and whether the wiretap order covers the intercepted background conversations, since the district court's denial of Couser's quest for their suppression will be upheld for another reason.

During oral argument in this Court, counsel for Couser agreed that if the Government had sought to have included in the wiretap order a provision permitting the recording of background conversations such as those used in this case, there would have been more than sufficient factual basis for Judge Northrop, who issued that order, to have so broadened his order. Counsel for Couser also stated during oral argument that the broadening of such order, under those conditions, could have reasonably been anticipated if the same had been sought by the Government. In United States v. Donovan, 429 U.S. 413, 433-34, 97 S. Ct. 658, 671, 50 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1977), Justice Powell, citing to two earlier Supreme Court decisions, wrote:

Those cases hold that "[not] every failure to comply fully with any requirement provided in Title III would render the interception of wire or oral communications 'unlawful.' " United States v. Chavez, [416 U.S. 562, 574-75, 94 S. Ct. 1849, 1855-56, 40 L. Ed. 2d 380 (1974) ]. To the contrary, suppression is required only for a "failure to satisfy any of those statutory requirements that directly and substantially implement the congressional intention to limit the use of intercept procedures to those situations clearly calling for the employment of this extraordinary investigative device." United States v. Giordano, [416 U.S. 505, 527, 94 S. Ct. 1820, 1832, 40 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1974) ].

Under Donovan, Chavez and Giordano, suppression is not the required remedy for technical violations of the type arguably found in the instant case, in the absence of bad faith conduct on the part of the Government. See, in particular, Donovan, 429 U.S. at 436 & n. 23, 97 S. Ct. at 672 & n. 23. With regard to the issue of good faith, counsel for Couser contended in oral argument in this Court that, as a matter of practice, the Government, in a number of cases, intercepts and seeks to use background conversations under wiretap orders similar to the one issued in this case, that such a pattern of conduct by the Government should not be permitted to continue, and that suppression is accordingly required in this case. However, the record contains no indication of any lack of good faith on the part of any government officer in connection with the application for, or the execution of, the wiretap order.7 Nevertheless, if only as a matter of good housekeeping, particularly in a context as sensitive as wiretaps, there would appear to be no reason why the Government should not specifically seek authority to listen to and to record background conversations such as those in the instant case at the same time as the Government seeks the authority to install and administer the wiretap. It would be hoped that in the future such policy and practice would be followed by the Government.

The question is also raised in this appeal as to whether the background conversation evidence in this case was obtained under circumstances which make applicable the "plain view" doctrine set forth in Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 465-74, 91 S. Ct. 2022, 2037-42, 29 L. Ed. 2d 564 (1971). That doctrine requires that the agent must have a prior independent valid reason for being present at the point of "observation" (here, the point of listening), that the officer must immediately recognize the item seized as evidence, and that the discovery of the evidence must be inadvertent. All three conditions are present in this case. Insofar as "inadvertence" is concerned, it would appear to be little different from "good faith." See United States v. Heldt, 668 F.2d 1238, 1267-68 (D.C.Cir.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 926, 102 S. Ct. 1971, 72 L. Ed. 2d 440 (1982); United States v. Crouch, 648 F.2d 932, 933 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 952, 102 S. Ct. 491, 70 L. Ed. 2d 259 (1981); United States v. Liberti, 616 F.2d 34, 37 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 952, 100 S. Ct. 2918, 64 L. Ed. 2d 808 (1980).

The "plain view" doctrine has developed in the context of Fourth Amendment requirements, see Coolidge, 403 U.S. at 465-74, 91 S.Ct. at 2037-42. The applicability of that doctrine herein negates Couser's contentions based upon any constitutional violation. However, whether the "plain view" doctrine is itself an exception to the federal statutory requirements relating to wiretaps and, if so, to what extent,8 poses a question which need not be reached in this case, in view of our conclusion that if the wiretap order in this case does not cover any of the background conversations, the interception of those background conversations is not the type of statutory violation requiring suppression.

The judgments of the district court are affirmed.